In 1986, George Soros wrote a very challenging book that outlined his approach to investment management – an approach that had provided investors in his Quantum Fund extraordinary returns over the 18 prior years. The book was challenging in two senses. For one thing, it claimed that financial orthodoxy (as still taught) rests on false premises, and for another, it argued that the philosophical underpinnings of the success of the scientific method could be used to illuminate “historical processes,” of which the financial markets are a minor subset.